Depression in Students: An In-Depth Exploration of Causes Pathology Treatments and Homeopathic Concept Understanding with Management

Dr Sohil Momin

Abstract
Depression among students is an escalating concern, affecting cognitive functioning, academic performance, and overall well-being. The complexities of modern education, increasing social pressures, and financial strains create an environment where students are vulnerable to developing depressive disorders. This paper explores the different types of depression, their underlying pathology, and various treatment approaches, including conventional psychiatry and homeopathy. Homeopathic therapeutics, particularly individualized remedies tailored to emotional and psychological needs, provide a complementary perspective to mainstream treatments. In addition to pharmacological and psychological therapies, lifestyle modifications, nutritional interventions, and auxiliary management strategies form an integral part of an effective recovery framework.

Types of Depression in Students

Depression presents in different forms, each with distinct symptoms and causes. The most observed types include:

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

• Characterized by persistent sadness, loss of motivation, and withdrawal from daily activities.
• Symptoms must last at least two weeks to meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria.
• Students may have trouble concentrating, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal ideation.
• Often requires professional intervention, including therapy and medication.

2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

• Chronic but mild depressive symptoms lasting two years or more.
• Leads to emotional instability, social withdrawal, and difficulty maintaining daily responsibilities.
• Students may function but struggle with ongoing fatigue, pessimism, and reduced enthusiasm.
• Can develop into Major Depressive Disorder if left untreated.

3. Situational Depression

• Triggered by external life events, such as academic failure, social rejection, or family problems.
• Symptoms resemble major depression but usually improve once the stressor is removed.
• If unresolved, it may evolve into long-term depression.
• Therapy and social support play a crucial role in recovery.

4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

• Depression linked to seasonal changes, often worsening in winter due to reduced sunlight.
• Symptoms include excessive fatigue, mood instability, increased sleep, and social withdrawal.
• Light therapy, vitamin D supplementation, and outdoor activities can alleviate symptoms.
• Can be misdiagnosed as regular depression if seasonal patterns are not recognized.

5. Atypical Depression

• Unlike classic depression, individuals experience mood reactivity, meaning they temporarily feel better after positive events.
• Symptoms include hypersensitivity to criticism, excessive sleep, extreme fatigue, and fluctuating energy levels.
• Students may show increased appetite and weight gain, contrary to typical depression symptoms.
• Responds well to therapy and alternative treatments like lifestyle modifications and nutrition adjustments.

6. Bipolar Disorder (Depressive Episodes)

• Alternating cycles of depression and mania, where students experience extreme mood shifts.
• Depressive phases resemble Major Depressive Disorder, but are followed by periods of high energy, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
• Requires specialized treatment, often involving mood stabilizers and structured therapy.

7. Psychotic Depression

• Severe depression accompanied by hallucinations or delusions, often related to self-worth or guilt.
• Students may experience paranoia, believing they are being watched or judged.
• Requires urgent medical attention and psychiatric intervention.

8. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

• Typically diagnosed in children and adolescents, marked by intense mood swings and irritability.
• Students experience severe temper outbursts, frustration, and difficulty regulating emotions.
• Often mistaken for behavioural issues but is rooted in chronic emotional dysregulation.

Depression in students is complex and may involve overlapping symptoms from different types. Identifying the specific type helps in selecting appropriate treatment strategies.

Pathology of Depression in Students
Depression in students results from a complex interplay of neurobiological, psychological, and environmental factors that affect emotional regulation, cognition, and behaviour.

1. Neurotransmitter Dysregulation

• Serotonin Imbalance:
  • Serotonin plays a key role in mood regulation, emotional resilience, and sleep patterns.
  • Low serotonin levels contribute to increased anxiety, emotional instability, and difficulty coping with stress.
• Dopamine Dysfunction:
  • Dopamine is responsible for motivation, pleasure, and reward-processing.
  • Reduced dopamine levels lead to feelings of apathy, lack of motivation, and diminished ability to experience joy.
• Norepinephrine Deficiency:

• Norepinephrine helps maintain alertness, concentration, and memory.
• Low levels result in fatigue, difficulty focusing, and poor cognitive function.
• Linked to increased stress susceptibility and emotional exhaustion.

2. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysfunction

• Effects of Chronic Stress:
  • Prolonged stress leads to excessive secretion of cortisol, the body’s primary stress hormone.
  • High cortisol levels impair emotional processing, learning, and memory retention.
  • Elevated stress responses may lead to panic attacks, anxiety disorders, and emotional instability.
• Impact on Brain Structures:

• Chronic exposure to cortisol can shrink the hippocampus, reducing memory function and learning ability.
• Impaired synaptic connectivity in the brain affects emotional regulation, increasing

vulnerability to depressive episodes, fatigue, brain fog, and lack of emotional resilience.

3. Structural Brain Changes in Depression

• Hippocampal Volume Reduction:
  • MRI studies reveal that individuals with long-term depression exhibit a reduced hippocampal size is associated with memory impairment and difficulty processing emotional experiences.
• Amygdala Hyperactivity:
  • This results in excessive fear responses, heightened emotional reactivity, and difficulty managing stressors.
• Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction:

• Reduced activity in this region contributes to poor concentration, difficulty planning, and emotional numbness.

4. Genetic & Epigenetic Factors in Depression

• Hereditary Risk:
  • Individuals with a family history of depression are at a higher risk due to inherited genetic variations which determine neurotransmitter receptor sensitivity, affecting mood stability.
• Epigenetic Modifications:

• Environmental stressors, childhood adversity, and traumatic life events contribute to epigenetic changes. These modifications alter gene expression related to emotional regulation, increasing susceptibility to depression.

Core Causes of Depression in Students

Depression in students arises from a mix of biological, psychological, and environmental stressors, including:

• Academic Pressure
  • High expectations, competitive learning environments, and the pressure to excel lead to stress, perfectionism, and fear of failure.
  • Heavy coursework, frequent exams, and the pressure to maintain high grades can cause chronic anxiety and burnout. Fear of disappointing parents or teachers exacerbates stress levels.
• Social Isolation
  • Difficulty forming friendships, peer rejection, and lack of social support leads to loneliness and emotional instability.
  • Social anxiety or fear of judgment can prevent students from engaging in activities, leading to withdrawal.
  • Excessive time spent online or on social media may replace real-life interactions, worsening isolation.
• Financial Stress
  • Managing tuition fees, student loans, and daily living expenses creates uncertainty and anxiety, affecting mental well-being which may lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as skipping meals or excessive work hours.
  • Pressure to balance academics with part-time jobs can result in exhaustion and reduced focus.
• Family Dysfunction
  • Emotional neglect, domestic conflicts, excessive parental pressure, and unrealistic expectations contribute to feelings of inadequacy and disconnectedness.
• Substance Abuse
  • Some students turn to alcohol, stimulants, and recreational drugs which are used as a coping mechanism for stress, loneliness, or emotional pain.
  • Long-term abuse can lead to dependency, further affecting academic performance and mental health.
• Poor Diet & Sedentary Lifestyle

• Nutritional deficiencies (low omega-3, folate, and vitamin B) interfere with brain function and neurotransmitter production, increasing depression risk.
• Lack of physical activity reduces dopamine and serotonin levels, essential for emotional stability.
• Poor sleep habits, irregular eating patterns, and excessive screen time contribute to chronic fatigue and mood disturbances.

DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Depression – Explained Simply

Depression isn’t just about feeling sad—it’s a serious condition that affects emotions, thinking, and daily life. According to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is diagnosed when a person experiences at least five of the following symptoms for two consecutive weeks, and at least one of the first two must be present:

1. Persistent Depressed Mood or Emotional Numbness

• Feeling deeply sad, empty, or hopeless most of the day, nearly every day.
• Some students may not feel outright sadness but instead feel emotionally numb, disconnected, or indifferent.

2. Loss of Interest or Pleasure in Daily Activities

• No longer enjoying hobbies, socializing, or academic achievements.
• Even things they once loved (sports, music, spending time with friends) no longer bring joy.

3. Significant Weight Fluctuation or Disturbed Appetite Patterns

• Eating too little or too much—some students lose weight because they stop eating, while others gain weight due to emotional overeating.
• Unintentional weight loss or gain of more than 5% of body weight in a month may indicate depression.

4. Sleep Disturbances (Insomnia or Hypersomnia)

• Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early (insomnia).
• Sleeping excessively (hypersomnia), often staying in bed all day but still feeling exhausted.

5. Observable Psychomotor Changes

• Agitation: Restlessness, fidgeting, difficulty sitting still.
• Slowing down: Speech, movement, and thought processes feel sluggish or delayed.

6. Chronic Fatigue and Low Energy

• Feeling physically and mentally drained, even after resting.
• Simple tasks like studying, bathing, or even getting out of bed feel overwhelming.

7. Excessive Guilt, Self-Blame, or Feelings of Worthlessness

• Constantly thinking, “I’m a failure,” “I’m not good enough,” or “I ruin everything.”
• Blaming oneself for things beyond their control (e.g., failed exams, friendships ending).

8. Impaired Ability to Focus, Make Decisions, or Retain Information

• Trouble concentrating on schoolwork or making simple choices (e.g., picking clothes or responding to messages).
• Forgetting things more often and struggling with decision-making.

9. Recurrent Thoughts of Death, Suicidal Ideation, or Self-Harm Tendencies

• Thinking about death, suicide, or harming oneself.
• Some students may not actively plan suicide but have persistent thoughts about wanting to “disappear” or “not exist.”

Understanding Depression Through the Lens of Homeopathy

Depression is more than just sadness—it’s a profound state that affects emotions, thoughts, and even the physical body. While conventional medicine often views depression as a neurochemical imbalance, homeopathy sees it as a disturbance of the vital force, a deep-seated condition affecting both mind and body. The homeopathic approach doesn’t just mask symptoms—it seeks to restore inner balance by addressing the root cause.

1. Hahnemann’s Perspective (Organon of Medicine)

Master Samuel Hahnemann, the founder of homeopathy, emphasized that mental and emotional illnesses are just as real as physical ailments. In his book, Organon of Medicine, he describes how emotional trauma, grief, disappointment, and suppressed emotions can create long-lasting health disturbances. According to him:

• Mental symptoms should be given precedence over physical ones when selecting a remedy.
• Emotional distress, if left untreated, can evolve into chronic illness affecting vital organs.
• Depression often stems from deep-seated miasmatic influences (Psora, Syphilis, Sycosis), disrupting overall vitality.

For instance, a student struggling with grief from academic failure may experience headaches, poor digestion, and persistent fatigue. Hahnemann advocated treating the mental cause first, which would naturally lead to physical healing.

Here are some key aphorisms from Samuel Hahnemann’s Organon of Medicine that relate to depression, along with simple explanations:

1. Aphorism 210 – Mental Diseases as Psoric Disorders

“Of psoric origin are almost all those diseases that I have above termed one-sided, which appear to be more difficult to cure in consequence of this one-sidedness, all their other morbid symptoms vanishing, as it were, before the only, master, remarkable symptom. Of this character are what are termed mental diseases.”

Explanation:
Hahnemann believed that most mental illnesses, including depression, stem from deep-seated psoric miasm (a fundamental disease tendency). He observed that mental disorders often appear as one-sided diseases, meaning they dominate the patient’s condition while other symptoms fade into the background. Depression, for example, may overshadow physical symptoms, making it seem like a purely emotional issue when it actually has deeper roots.

2. Aphorism 211 – Importance of Mental Symptoms in Remedy Selection

“The state of the disposition of the patient often chiefly determines the selection of the homeopathic remedy, as being a decidedly characteristic symptom which can least of all remain concealed from the accurately observing physician.”

Explanation:
Hahnemann emphasized that mental and emotional symptoms are crucial in selecting the right remedy. In depression, signs like hopelessness, grief, irritability, or withdrawal should be carefully observed, as they guide the practitioner toward the most suitable medicine.

3. Aphorism 212 – Medicines Affect the Mind and Body

“There is no powerful medicinal substance in the world which does not very notably alter the state of the disposition and mind in the healthy individual who tests it, and every medicine does so in a different manner.”

Explanation:
Homeopathic remedies influence both mind and body, meaning that medicines tested on healthy individuals show mental effects alongside physical ones. For example, Aurum met. causes deep sadness and suicidal thoughts in healthy individuals, making it a suitable remedy for patients experiencing similar symptoms.

4. Aphorism 213 – Treating Depression Holistically

“ We shall, accordingly, none be qualified to heal conformably to character — that is to state, homeopathically if we serve not, in every case of ailment, verily in akin as are acute, observe, along with the distant symptoms, those bonding to the fluxes in the state of the psyche and temperament.“

Explanation:
Hahnemann insisted that mental health must always be considered in treatment. Depression should not be treated separately from physical symptoms—rather, the whole person must be examined to find the right remedy.

5. Aphorism 215 – Mental Diseases as Physical Disorders

“Almost all the so-called mental and emotional diseases are nothing more than corporeal diseases in which the symptom of derangement of the mind and disposition peculiar to each of them is increased, whilst the corporeal symptoms decline.”

Explanation:
Hahnemann argued that mental illnesses, including depression, are not purely psychological—they often originate from physical imbalances. For example, chronic digestive issues or hormonal disturbances may contribute to depression, and treating the underlying physical condition can help restore emotional well-being.

6. Aphorism 218 – Emotional Trauma as a Cause of Disease

“If the mental disease be not of too long standing, and arises from a corporeal affection, it is often cured by suitable internal remedies directed against the bodily ailment.”

Explanation:
Depression caused by grief, shock, or disappointment can often be treated with homeopathic remedies that address the root emotional trauma. Remedies like Ignatia (for suppressed grief) or Natrum mur. (for long-standing sorrow) help patients process their emotions and recover naturally.

Hahnemann’s aphorisms highlight the holistic nature of homeopathy, where depression is seen as a mind-body disorder rather than just a chemical imbalance. By carefully observing emotional symptoms and selecting remedies based on individualized patterns, homeopathy aims to restore balance without suppressing emotions.

2. Contributions of Homeopathic Pioneers

James Tyler Kent:

• Stressed the importance of constitutional treatment, selecting remedies based on personality and temperament.
• Introduced deep-acting medicines for severe depression, such as Aurum met. (for hopelessness and suicidal thoughts) and Natrum mur. (for grief-based depression).

Constantine Hering:

• Developed the Law of Cure, stating that recovery moves from within outward—meaning emotional healing precedes physical healing.
• Advocated close observation of psychological patterns, ensuring remedies match both emotional and bodily symptoms.

Boenninghausen:

• Focused on symptom totality, ensuring that minor emotional signs weren’t overlooked.
• His repertory system allowed practitioners to systematically choose remedies for mental disorders.

William Boericke:

• Wrote the Boericke Materia Medica, categorizing remedies with detailed descriptions of mental and emotional indications.
• Highlighted remedies like Ignatia (for emotional suppression and mood swings) and Sepia (for complete emotional detachment).

3. Modern Research & Scientific Perspectives

While homeopathy has been debated within the medical community, recent studies offer promising insights:

• Nanoparticle Research: Investigations into the presence of nanoparticles in homeopathic dilutions suggest potential bioactivity at ultra-high dilutions.
• Clinical Studies: Some trials have shown improvements in depressive symptoms in patients receiving individualized homeopathic care.
• Integration with Psychotherapy: Studies indicate that homeopathy works well alongside cognitive therapy, reinforcing emotional resilience.

Scope of Homoeopathy

Homoeopathy provides a holistic and individualized approach to managing depression in students by addressing emotional, psychological, and physical symptoms. Here’s a detailed overview of its scope:

1. Individualized Treatment Approach

• Homoeopathy does not follow a one-size-fits-all model; remedies are prescribed based on a student’s unique emotional and physical symptoms.
• Medicines like Natrum mur., Ignatia, and Aurum met. are commonly used for grief, emotional suppression, and self-condemnation.
• The treatment considers personality traits, emotional triggers, and behavioural patterns to select the most suitable remedy.

2. Addressing Root Causes of Depression

• Homoeopathy recognizes that depression in students often stems from academic stress, social isolation, financial worries, and family dysfunction.
• Remedies are selected based on emotional triggers such as disappointment, fear, anxiety, and suppressed emotions.
• Phosphoric acid. is often prescribed for mental exhaustion due to prolonged study and stress.

3. Minimal Side Effects & Non-Addictive Nature

• Unlike conventional antidepressants, homoeopathic medicines works gently to restore emotional balance without causing drowsiness, dependency, or withdrawal symptoms.
• Students can continue their daily activities without experiencing cognitive impairment or fatigue.

4. Support for Cognitive & Emotional Well-being

• Homoeopathic remedies help improve concentration, reduce anxiety, and enhance emotional resilience.
• Kali phos. is beneficial for students experiencing mental fatigue, irritability, and difficulty focusing.
• Gelsemium is used for students who suffer from anticipatory anxiety before exams or presentations.

5. Complementary Approach with Lifestyle & Counselling

• Homoeopathy can be integrated with counselling, lifestyle modifications, and nutritional support for a comprehensive treatment plan.
• Encourages self-awareness and emotional healing rather than just symptom suppression.
• Remedies like Staphysagria help students who struggle with suppressed emotions due to scolding or criticism.

6. Research & Clinical Evidence

• Studies indicate that homoeopathy has potential in managing depression, but further research with controlled trials is needed to establish its efficacy.
• Case studies have shown improvements in mood, energy levels, and overall well-being in students treated with homoeopathy.
• Homoeopathy is increasingly being recognized as a complementary approach to mental health care.

Homeopathic Therapeutics for Depression in Students 

Homeopathy provides a personalized approach to treating depression, emphasizing individual symptoms and constitutional predisposition. The following remedies are commonly prescribed:

Aurum metallicum :

• Intense feelings of self-condemnation and worthlessness
• Profound despondency, disgust with life, suicidal thoughts
• Feels hopeless, believes nothing will succeed
• Anthropophobia (fear of people)
• Aggravation from emotions like grief, anger, disappointment
• Symptoms arise from emotional distress, contradiction, reserved displeasure, and excessive responsibility

Natrum muraticum:

• Psychic causes of illness (grief, fright, anger)
• Depression, particularly in chronic diseases
• Consolation worsens symptoms
• Irritable, easily angered over minor issues
• Prefers solitude to cry, recalls past events to grieve over them
• Unrequited love can trigger symptoms
• Common in hysterical individuals and girls

Ignatia:

• Withdrawn, not communicative
• Sighing and sobbing
• Prone to hysterical emotional responses
• Feels grief but does not express it

Sepia:

• Loss of ability to feel natural love or affection
• Emotional state shifts from excitable to detached and stoic
• Melancholy, suicidal thoughts, answers in monosyllables
• Absence of joy, inability to connect with reality
• Everything feels meaningless, depressed

Phosphoric acid:

• Apathetic and indifferent to everything
• No interest in speaking or engaging with surroundings
• Mental exhaustion from prolonged study, business worries, excessive sexual activity
• Symptoms begin mentally and extend to physical weakness

Kali phosphoricum:

• Morose, irritable, tearful
• Averse to conversation, overwhelmed easily
• Apprehensive, anxious, fearful

Staphysagria:

• Highly sensitive to criticism
• Symptoms after scolding or punishments
• Feels deep indignation over past actions
• Desire for death, anxiety, agitation

Cimicifuga:

• Incoherent thoughts, mental cloudiness
• Extreme depression with fear of impending doom
• Suicidal tendencies, weak will
• Suspicious and distrustful

Calcarea carbonica:

• Melancholic, frequent weeping
• Fears instilled by reports of cruelty
• Indolent, suddenly suspicious
• Thinks others look at them suspiciously

Gelsemium:

• Alternates between vivacity and depression
• Strong suicidal thoughts, urges to jump from heights
• Nervous tremors, feelings of losing control
• Fears being alone, afraid of self-harm
• Initially withdrawn, later becomes talkative

Mercurius:

• Loss of willpower, weary of life
• Mistrustful and fearful
• Impulses lead to violent thoughts and self-doubt

Auxiliary Management Strategies for Depression

1. Counselling and Peer Support Networks

• Professional Therapy:
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) helps students identify and challenge negative thought patterns.
  • Psychodynamic therapy explores past experiences and emotional conflicts contributing to depression.
  • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) encourages mindfulness and emotional flexibility.
• Peer Support Groups:

• Group discussions provide emotional validation and reduce feelings of isolation.
• Online forums and mental health communities offer accessible support for those hesitant to seek in-person help.

2. Nutritional Therapy

• Essential Nutrients for Mental Health:
  • Omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish, nuts, and flaxseeds) enhance brain function and mood stability.
  • Folate-rich foods (leafy greens, beans, citrus fruits) support neurotransmitter production.
  • B-complex vitamins (especially B6 and B12) improve cognitive function and reduce fatigue.
• Dietary Adjustments:

• Reducing processed foods and sugar intake prevents mood fluctuations.
• Hydration is crucial— dehydration can lead to fatigue and cognitive impairment.
• Avoiding excessive caffeine and alcohol minimizes anxiety and sleep disturbances.

3. Regular Exercise & Yoga

• Physical Activity Benefits:
  • Exercise releases endorphins, which naturally boost mood and reduce stress.
  • Activities like jogging, swimming, and weight training improve self-esteem and emotional resilience.
  • Outdoor activities provide exposure to sunlight, increasing vitamin D levels and reducing depressive symptoms.
• Yoga & Breathwork:

• Yoga enhances emotional grounding, flexibility, and relaxation.
• Pranayama (breathing exercises) regulates stress responses and improves focus.
• Meditation-based yoga practices like Kundalini and Hatha yoga promote inner peace.

4. Mindfulness & Meditation

• Stress Regulation Techniques:
  • Guided visualization helps students reframe negative thoughts and cultivate optimism.
  • Deep breathing exercises reduce cortisol levels and enhance emotional stability.
  • Progressive muscle relaxation alleviates physical tension associated with stress.
• Cognitive Restructuring:

• Practicing gratitude journaling reinforces positive thinking and resilience.
• Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) improves emotional awareness and coping mechanisms.
• Self-compassion exercises encourage self-acceptance and reduce self-criticism.

5. Sleep Hygiene Practices

• Optimizing Sleep Patterns:
  • Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule stabilizes circadian rhythms and prevents mood disturbances.
  • Reducing screen time before bed improves melatonin production and enhances sleep quality.
  • Creating a relaxing bedtime routine (reading, warm baths, aromatherapy) signals the body to wind down.
• Environmental Adjustments:

• Ensuring a quiet, comfortable sleep environment minimizes disruptions.
• Using blackout curtains and white noise machines improves sleep quality.
• Avoiding stimulants like caffeine or nicotine in the evening prevents sleep difficulties.

6. Creative Therapies & Expressive Arts

• Art Therapy:
  • Painting, drawing, and sculpting provide emotional release and self-expression.
  • Creative activities help students process emotions non-verbally.
• Music Therapy:
  • Listening to calming music reduces stress and enhances mood.
  • Playing musical instruments fosters emotional engagement and relaxation.
• Writing & Journaling:

• Expressive writing helps students articulate their thoughts and emotions.
• Poetry and storytelling encourage self-reflection and healing.

7. Community Engagement & Volunteering

• Social Connection:
  • Engaging in community service fosters a sense of purpose and belonging.
  • Volunteering provides opportunities for meaningful interactions and emotional fulfilment.
• Mentorship Programs:

• Connecting with mentors offers guidance and emotional support.
• Peer mentorship helps students navigate academic and personal challenges.

Conclusion
Depression in students is a multifaceted disorder requiring an integrative approach to diagnosis and treatment. Conventional psychiatry provides symptom management through pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, but homeopathy offers a more individualized healing model by addressing emotional and physiological imbalances. Homeopathic remedies play a pivotal role in stabilizing mood and improving mental clarity while avoiding the side effects associated with conventional antidepressants. When combined with auxiliary management strategies such as nutrition, exercise, counseling, and mindfulness, homeopathy strengthens emotional resilience and promotes holistic mental health recovery. The increasing recognition of homeopathic methods highlights the need for further research into their efficacy and long-term benefits in student populations.

References & Bibliography

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3. Johnson, R. (2022). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mood Disorders in College Students. Cambridge University Press.
4. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2021). Depression: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment.
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Dr. Sohil Momin, B.H.M.S., C.S.D.
Medical Officer at Pioneer Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital
Email :sohilmomin2000@gmail.com